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=head1 NAME perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules =head1 DESCRIPTION You can think of a module as the fundamental unit of reusable Perl code; See L<perlmod> for details. Whenever anyone creates a chunk of Perl code that they think will be useful to the world, they register as a Perl developer at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/04pause.html so that they can then upload their code to CPAN. CPAN is the Comprehensive Perl Archive Network and can be accessed at http://www.perl.com/CPAN/, or searched via http://cpan.perl.com/ and http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_perl/cpan-search.pl . This documentation is for people who want to download CPAN modules and install them on their own computer. =head2 PREAMBLE You have a file ending in F<.tar.gz> (or, less often, F<.zip>). You know there's a tasty module inside. You must now take four steps: =over 5 =item B<DECOMPRESS> the file =item B<UNPACK> the file into a directory =item B<BUILD> the module (sometimes unnecessary) =item B<INSTALL> the module. =back Here's how to perform each step for each operating system. This is I<not> a substitute for reading the README and INSTALL files that might have come with your module! Also note that these instructions are tailored for installing the module into your system's repository of Perl modules. But you can install modules into any directory you wish. For instance, where I say C<perl Makefile.PL>, you can substitute C<perl Makefile.PL PREFIX=/my/perl_directory> to install the modules into C</my/perl_directory>. Then you can use the modules from your Perl programs with C<use lib "/my/perl_directory/lib/site_perl"> or sometimes just C<use "/my/perl_directory">. =over 4 =item * B<If you're on Unix,> You can use Andreas Koenig's CPAN module (which comes standard with Perl, or can itself be downloaded from http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/CPAN) to automate the following steps, from DECOMPRESS through INSTALL. A. DECOMPRESS Decompress the file with C<gzip -d yourmodule.tar.gz> You can get gzip from ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu. Or, you can combine this step with the next to save disk space: gzip -dc yourmodule.tar.gz | tar -xof - B. UNPACK Unpack the result with C<tar -xof yourmodule.tar> C. BUILD Go into the newly-created directory and type: perl Makefile.PL make make test D. INSTALL While still in that directory, type: make install Make sure you have appropriate permissions to install the module in your Perl 5 library directory. Often, you'll need to be root. Perl maintains a record of all module installations. To look at this list, simply type: perldoc perllocal That's all you need to do on Unix systems with dynamic linking. Most Unix systems have dynamic linking--if yours doesn't, or if for another reason you have a statically-linked perl, I<and> the module requires compilation, you'll need to build a new Perl binary that includes the module. Again, you'll probably need to be root. =item * B<If you're running Windows 95 or NT with the ActiveState port of Perl> A. DECOMPRESS You can use the shareware B<Winzip> program ( http://www.winzip.com ) to decompress and unpack modules. B. UNPACK If you used WinZip, this was already done for you. C. BUILD Does the module require compilation (i.e. does it have files that end in .xs, .c, .h, .y, .cc, .cxx, or .C)? If it does, you're on your own. You can try compiling it yourself if you have a C compiler. If you're successful, consider uploading the resulting binary to CPAN for others to use. If it doesn't, go to INSTALL. D. INSTALL Copy the module into your Perl's I<lib> directory. That'll be one of the directories you see when you type perl -e 'print "@INC"' =item * B<If you're running Windows 95 or NT with the core Windows distribution of Perl,> A. DECOMPRESS When you download the module, make sure it ends in either F<.tar.gz> or F<.zip>. Windows browsers sometimes download C<.tar.gz> files as C<_tar.tar>, because early versions of Windows prohibited more than one dot in a filename. You can use the shareware B<WinZip> program ( http://www.winzip.com ) to decompress and unpack modules. Or, you can use InfoZip's C<unzip> utility ( http://www.cdrom.com/pub/infozip/ ) to uncompress C<.zip> files; type C<unzip yourmodule.zip> in your shell. Or, if you have a working C<tar> and C<gzip>, you can type gzip -cd yourmodule.tar.gz | tar xvf - in the shell to decompress C<yourmodule.tar.gz>. This will UNPACK your module as well. B. UNPACK The methods in DECOMPRESS will have done this for you. C. BUILD Go into the newly-created directory and type: perl Makefile.PL dmake dmake test Depending on your perl configuration, C<dmake> might not be available. You might have to substitute whatever C<perl -V:make> says. (Usually, that will be C<nmake> or C<make>.) D. INSTALL While still in that directory, type: dmake install =item * B<If you're using a Macintosh,> A. DECOMPRESS First thing you should do is make sure you have the latest B<cpan-mac> distribution ( http://www.cpan.org/authors/id/CNANDOR/ ), which has utilities for doing all of the steps. Read the cpan-mac directions carefully and install it. If you choose not to use cpan-mac for some reason, there are alternatives listed here. After installing cpan-mac, drop the module archive on the B<untarzipme> droplet, which will decompress and unpack for you. B<Or>, you can either use the shareware B<StuffIt Expander> program ( http://www.aladdinsys.com/expander/ ) in combination with B<DropStuff with Expander Enhancer> ( http://www.aladdinsys.com/dropstuff/ ) or the freeware B<MacGzip> program ( http://persephone.cps.unizar.es/general/gente/spd/gzip/gzip.html ). B. UNPACK If you're using untarzipme or StuffIt, the archive should be extracted now. B<Or>, you can use the freeware B<suntar> or I<Tar> ( http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive/Archive/cmp/ ). C. BUILD Check the contents of the distribution. Read the module's documentation, looking for reasons why you might have trouble using it with MacPerl. Look for F<.xs> and F<.c> files, which normally denote that the distribution must be compiled, and you cannot install it "out of the box." (See L<"PORTABILITY">.) If a module does not work on MacPerl but should, or needs to be compiled, see if the module exists already as a port on the MacPerl Module Porters site (http://pudge.net/mmp/). For more information on doing XS with MacPerl yourself, see Arved Sandstrom's XS tutorial (http://macperl.com/depts/Tutorials/), and then consider uploading your binary to the CPAN and registering it on the MMP site. D. INSTALL If you are using cpan-mac, just drop the folder on the B<installme> droplet, and use the module. B<Or>, if you aren't using cpan-mac, do some manual labor. Make sure the newlines for the modules are in Mac format, not Unix format. If they are not then you might have decompressed them incorrectly. Check your decompression and unpacking utilities settings to make sure they are translating text files properly. As a last resort, you can use the perl one-liner: perl -i.bak -pe 's/(?:\015)?\012/\015/g' <filenames> on the source files. Then move the files (probably just the F<.pm> files, though there may be some additional ones, too; check the module documentation) to their final destination: This will most likely be in C<$ENV{MACPERL}site_lib:> (i.e., C<HD:MacPerl folder:site_lib:>). You can add new paths to the default C<@INC> in the Preferences menu item in the MacPerl application (C<$ENV{MACPERL}site_lib:> is added automagically). Create whatever directory structures are required (i.e., for C<Some::Module>, create C<$ENV{MACPERL}site_lib:Some:> and put C<Module.pm> in that directory). Then run the following script (or something like it): #!perl -w use AutoSplit; my $dir = "${MACPERL}site_perl"; autosplit("$dir:Some:Module.pm", "$dir:auto", 0, 1, 1); =item * B<If you're on the DJGPP port of DOS,> A. DECOMPRESS djtarx ( ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/gnu/djgpp/v2/ ) will both uncompress and unpack. B. UNPACK See above. C. BUILD Go into the newly-created directory and type: perl Makefile.PL make make test You will need the packages mentioned in F<README.dos> in the Perl distribution. D. INSTALL While still in that directory, type: make install You will need the packages mentioned in F<README.dos> in the Perl distribution. =item * B<If you're on OS/2,> Get the EMX development suite and gzip/tar, from either Hobbes ( http://hobbes.nmsu.edu ) or Leo ( http://www.leo.org ), and then follow the instructions for Unix. =item * B<If you're on VMS,> When downloading from CPAN, save your file with a F<.tgz> extension instead of F<.tar.gz>. All other periods in the filename should be replaced with underscores. For example, C<Your-Module-1.33.tar.gz> should be downloaded as C<Your-Module-1_33.tgz>. A. DECOMPRESS Type gzip -d Your-Module.tgz or, for zipped modules, type unzip Your-Module.zip Executables for gzip, zip, and VMStar ( Alphas: http://www.openvms.digital.com/freeware/000TOOLS/ALPHA/ and Vaxen: http://www.openvms.digital.com/freeware/000TOOLS/VAX/ ). gzip and tar are also available at ftp://ftp.digital.com/pub/VMS. Note that GNU's gzip/gunzip is not the same as Info-ZIP's zip/unzip package. The former is a simple compression tool; the latter permits creation of multi-file archives. B. UNPACK If you're using VMStar: VMStar xf Your-Module.tar Or, if you're fond of VMS command syntax: tar/extract/verbose Your_Module.tar C. BUILD Make sure you have MMS (from Digital) or the freeware MMK ( available from MadGoat at http://www.madgoat.com ). Then type this to create the DESCRIP.MMS for the module: perl Makefile.PL Now you're ready to build: mms mms test Substitute C<mmk> for C<mms> above if you're using MMK. D. INSTALL Type mms install Substitute C<mmk> for C<mms> above if you're using MMK. =item * B<If you're on MVS>, Introduce the F<.tar.gz> file into an HFS as binary; don't translate from ASCII to EBCDIC. A. DECOMPRESS Decompress the file with C<gzip -d yourmodule.tar.gz> You can get gzip from http://www.s390.ibm.com/products/oe/bpxqp1.html. B. UNPACK Unpack the result with pax -o to=IBM-1047,from=ISO8859-1 -r < yourmodule.tar The BUILD and INSTALL steps are identical to those for Unix. Some modules generate Makefiles that work better with GNU make, which is available from http://www.mks.com/s390/gnu/index.htm. =back =head1 PORTABILITY Note that not all modules will work with on all platforms. See L<perlport> for more information on portability issues. Read the documentation to see if the module will work on your system. There are basically three categories of modules that will not work "out of the box" with all platforms (with some possibility of overlap): =over 4 =item * B<Those that should, but don't.> These need to be fixed; consider contacting the author and possibly writing a patch. =item * B<Those that need to be compiled, where the target platform doesn't have compilers readily available.> (These modules contain F<.xs> or F<.c> files, usually.) You might be able to find existing binaries on the CPAN or elsewhere, or you might want to try getting compilers and building it yourself, and then release the binary for other poor souls to use. =item * B<Those that are targeted at a specific platform.> (Such as the Win32:: modules.) If the module is targeted specifically at a platform other than yours, you're out of luck, most likely. =back Check the CPAN Testers if a module should work with your platform but it doesn't behave as you'd expect, or you aren't sure whether or not a module will work under your platform. If the module you want isn't listed there, you can test it yourself and let CPAN Testers know, you can join CPAN Testers, or you can request it be tested. http://testers.cpan.org/ =head1 HEY If you have any suggested changes for this page, let me know. Please don't send me mail asking for help on how to install your modules. There are too many modules, and too few Orwants, for me to be able to answer or even acknowledge all your questions. Contact the module author instead, or post to comp.lang.perl.modules, or ask someone familiar with Perl on your operating system. =head1 AUTHOR Jon Orwant orwant@tpj.com The Perl Journal, http://tpj.com with invaluable help from Brandon Allbery, Charles Bailey, Graham Barr, Dominic Dunlop, Jarkko Hietaniemi, Ben Holzman, Tom Horsley, Nick Ing-Simmons, Tuomas J. Lukka, Laszlo Molnar, Chris Nandor, Alan Olsen, Peter Prymmer, Gurusamy Sarathy, Christoph Spalinger, Dan Sugalski, Larry Virden, and Ilya Zakharevich. First version July 22, 1998 Last Modified August 22, 2000 =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 1998, 2000 Jon Orwant. All Rights Reserved. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this documentation provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that they are marked clearly as modified versions, that the authors' names and title are unchanged (though subtitles and additional authors' names may be added), and that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this documentation into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions.